The IPPS in MP-RP starts in the winter semester of each academic year. In case of inability to start in the winter semester, it may be transferred to the spring semester, by the decision of the Study Program Committee (SPC).
A total of ninety (90) credit units (ECTS) are required to obtain a Master of Science degree. During the studies, postgraduate students are required to attend and successfully examine all courses, as well as to prepare a postgraduate thesis.
The courses are taught in person and through distance learning at a rate of up to 35% of the courses, and take place on a weekly basis at the premises of the Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, the National Center for Natural Sciences "Demokritos" and the Greek Atomic Energy Commission, under the supervision and organization of the Medical School of National and Kapodistrian University of Athens.
The 3rd Semester (preparation and writing the thesis) takes place at the Medical School or Medical Department chosen by the student.
Lectures of the courses are given in Greek. In case of invited speakers from abroad and in the organization of seminars with invited speakers from abroad, the language can be English. In addition, after a decision of the SPC and in case there are students whose mother tongue is other than Greek, the courses may be held in English
Α. The course schedule is as follows:
1st Semester (13 teaching weeks)
| Courses | Teaching hours/week | ECTS |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic and Nuclear Physics - Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter | 4.5 | 8 |
| Ionizing Radiation Sources - Detection and Measurement of ionizing radiation | 4 | 6 |
| Medical Statistics, Computing and Image Processing | 3 | 4 |
| Parts of Biology, Anatomy, Physiology, and Physics of the human body - Biological effects of ionizing radiation | 5 | 7 |
| Radiation Dosimetry | 3.5 | 5 |
| Total | 20 | 30 |
2nd Semester (13 teaching weeks)
| Courses | Teaching hours/week | ECTS |
|---|---|---|
| Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology | 3.5 | 5 |
| Diagnostic and Therapeutic applications of Nuclear Medicine | 4 | 6 |
| Therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation (Radiotherapy, Brachytherapy) | 5 | 7 |
| Physical principles and medical applications of non-ionizing radiation | 3 | 5 |
| Radiation Protection of ionizing radiation | 4.5 | 7 |
| Total | 20 | 30 |
3rd Semester
The 3rd semester (30 credits) includes the preparation and writing of a thesis, as well as the students’ examination thereon before a three-member examination board, to be held in open session. Only students who have successfully completed all their obligations of the 1st and 2nd semesters may start preparing their thesis.
Β. Analytical Syllabus
1st Semester
Part Α.1: ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS, IONIZING RADIATION SOURCES, INTERACTIONS OF IONIZING RADIATION WITH MATTER, DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT OF IONIZING RADIATION
α.1.1: COURSE CONTENT
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Α.1.1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics | Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Black body (Planck), photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, Matter wave (De Broglie), Uncertainty Principle. Atomic Physics and radiation Rutherford – Bohr model, quantum mechanical approach, spin-orbit conjunction, magnetic dipole moment and Zeeman effect, exclusion principle and periodical system, X-rays, LASER. Nuclear physics & Radiation Nuclear structure and nuclei’s properties (mass, radius, spin and magnetic dipole moment, MRI), binding energy and stability, radioactivity and radioactive transitions (α, β, γ, internal conversion, electron capture, natural radioactivity, radioactivity law, specific radioactivity), nuclear interactions, radionuclide production. | L.O. Α.1.1.01 L.O. Α.1.1.02 |
| A.1.2. Ionizing radiation sources | Operation principles of X-ray tubes. X-ray tube spectrum. Filters and devices conforming the X-ray beam. X-rays in the body. Linear accelerator, Betatron, Radiation sources, Co-60 Sources, CyberKnife, Tomotherapy Environmental radioactivity: physical and technical radionuclides in the environment Nuclear Reactors Industrial Sources (radiography, irradiators, etc.) | L.O. Α.1.2.01 L.O. Α.1.2.02 L.O. Α.1.2.03 L.O. Α.1.2.04 |
| Α.1.3. Interactions of ionizing radiation with matter | Photons interactions with matter Photoelectric effect, Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering, Compton scattering, Klein-Nishina coefficient, electrons’ energy distribution from Compton scattering, energy distribution of electron – positron pair production. Particles attenuation and absorption with matter Energy absorption, linear attenuation coefficient and exponential attenuation, half value layer, thin and wide beam, mass attenuation coefficient, energy transfer and absorption coefficient, total attenuation coefficient, the relative importance of the different mechanisms of interactions. Charged particles interactions with matter Heavy charged particles interactions with matter, electrons interactions with matter, electrons energy distribution, stopping power, restricted stopping power and linear energy transfer (LET). Neutrons interaction with matter Neutrons classification as kinetic energy function, neutrons interactions with heavy charged particles, neutrons penetration, mean free path, energy transfer from neutrons to matter, KERMA, neutrons fluence measurements and spectrum distribution with neutron activation method. Medical applications: analysis with neutron activation, therapy with neutron capture. | L.O. Α.1.3.01 L.O. Α.1.3.02 L.O. Α.1.3.03 L.O. Α.1.3.04 |
| Α.1.4. Detection and measurements of ionizing radiation | Instrumentation Principle of detection ionizing radiation. Detectors’ characteristics (sensitivity, response, output, etc.), ionization chamber, proportional chamber Geiger-Muller, multi wired proportional chamber (MWPC), drift chambers, scintillators, organic – inorganic scintillators, semiconductor detectors, silicon detectors, contact p-n and p-i-n [HPGE], high spatial resolution detectors, micro-zone detectors, neutron detectors. Detectors electrical signal processing Photomultiplier (structure, functionality, parameters) pre-amplifier, amplifier, differential and integration of signal, single channel analyzer (SCA), multi-channel analyzer (MCA), analog – digital conversion (ADC), time – digital conversion (TDC), nuclear instrumentation modules (NIM), CAMAC, VME-BUS, FAST-BUS, time of flight (TOF) techniques. Measurements of radioactive samples, statistics of radioisotopic measurements. Scintillators, γ-radiation detectors, γ-spectroscopy. | L.O. Α.1.4.01 L.O. Α.1.4.02 L.O. Α.1.4.03 L.O. Α.1.4.04 L.O. Α.1.4.05 |
Α.1.2: Learning OBjectiveS
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Α.1.1. Atomic and Nuclear Physics | L.O. Α.1.1.01 | describe the basic principles of quantum physics and calculate physical parameters (energy, spin, etc) utilizing equations derived from quantum physics. |
| L.O. Α.1.1.02 | explain the mechanisms at the atomic and nuclear level that lead to the emission of radiation. | |
| Α.1.2.Ionizing Radiation Sources | L.O. Α.1.2.01 | describe the mechanisms of X-ray production. |
| L.O. Α.1.2.02 | describe the various natural and artificial radiation sources, detailing their respective radiation production mechanisms. | |
| L.O. Α.1.2.03 | explicate radioactivity concept and analyze radioactive decay mechanisms, while conducting activity calculations for samples of radioactive samples. | |
| L.O. Α.1.2.04 | comprehend the relevant physical quantities that characterize the distribution of emitted radiation, and perform measurements related to the fluence, the energy fluence, and other parameters used in describing emitted radiation. | |
| Α.1.3. Interactions of ionizing radiation with matter | L.O. Α.1.3.01 | possess knowledge and capability to articulate, with precision, the fundamental mechanisms governing the interaction of photons and particle ionizing radiation with matter, both to specialized and non-specialized audiences. |
| L.O.Α.1.3.02 | evaluate the relative importance of each interaction mechanism depending on the energy and type of radiation. | |
| L.O.Α.1.3.03 | perform calculations pertaining to the energy deposition of diverse radiation types within matter, contingent upon the specific interaction phenomenon, the nature of the radiation (electromagnetic or particle), and its energy. | |
| L.O.Α.1.3.04 | elucidate the fundamental mechanisms governing the attenuation and absorption of ionizing radiation in matter and estimate the transmitted and absorbed radiation when it passes through a given material. | |
| Α.1.4. Detection and measurements of ionizing radiation | L.O. Α.1.4.01 | describe and explain the basic principles of ionizing radiation detection |
| L.O. Α.1.4.02 | describe the basic types and the principle of operation of ionizing radiation detectors. | |
| L.O. Α.1.4.03 | evaluate and select the appropriate type of detector depending on the type of radiation source used in medical and non-medical applications. | |
| L.O. Α.1.4.04 | apply appropriate methods for the detection and measurement of ionizing radiation. | |
| L.O. Α.1.4.05 | assess the uncertainty associated with radiation measurements, identify the relevant influencing parameters, and propose potential avenues for enhancement. | |
PART Α.2: MEDICAL STATISTICS, COMPUTING & IMAGE PROCESSING
α.2.1 COURSE CONTENT
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Α.2.1. Medical Statistics | Probability Definition & basic theory, random variables, distribution’s parameters, binomial distribution, Poisson distribution, normal distribution, normal distribution of many variables, central limit theorem. Statistics Random sampling, methods of sampling, data processing, matrices, histograms, reliability intervals, correlation, linear and non - linear regression, t – test procedures, test χ2, test of good adjustment, non - parametrical tests, analysis of variability, multi - factorial analysis of variability, multi analyzing of regression. Statistical processing of experimental data. Demonstration of statistical package (SPSS). | L.O. Α.2.1.01 L.O. Α.2.1.02 L.O. Α.2.1.03 L.O. Α.2.1.04 |
| Α.2.2. Computing | PACS και Virtual Reality Introduction to Monte Carlo techniques Mathematical models in physiology and medicine: The idea of modeling – introduction, motives, examples, the principle of induction. Methods and techniques of modeling: categories of mathematical models (stochastic and non-stochastic, compartmental models, control system models, etc), models’ parameters (clearance rate, distribution volume, etc). Estimation of parameter-adjustment of models: estimation methods, tests, identification, validation. Computational techniques and models Case studies: Examples. | L.O. Α.2.2.01 L.O. Α.2.2.02 |
| Α.2.3. Image Processing | Introduction to Biomarkers. Introduction to Medical Imaging Systems and Medical Images. Detection of signal/image and digitization (methodology of signal and image sampling). Deterioration sources of signals/images (noise, signal to noise ratio). Measuring methods of the precision of the information of signal/image (PSF, LSF, etc.). Recovery/processing of signals/images information (filters, etc.). Processing of images from different imaging systems with emphasis on techniques and algorithms for the improvement, segmentation and three-dimensional imaging of medical information. Clinical applications of medical image processing with emphasis on alignment and fusion of medical images in radiotherapy. | L.O. Α.2.3.01 L.O. Α.2.3.02 L.O. Α.2.3.03 L.O. Α.2.3.04 L.O. Α.2.3.05 |
Α.2.2: Learning OBjectives
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Α.2.1. Medical Statistics | L.O. Α.2.1.01 | describe and explain, with precision, the basic concepts of probability theory and statistics. |
| L.O. Α.2.1.02 | apply appropriate statistical methods to data processing, and perform calculations of statistical quantities that describe experimental data. | |
| L.O. Α.2.1.03 | use appropriate software packages for statistical data processing. | |
| L.O. Α.2.1.04 | demonstrate familiarity with commonly used sampling methodologies as well as statistical tests such as t-tests and χ2-tests, etc. | |
| Α.2.2. Computing | L.O. Α.2.2.01 | describe and explain mathematical models used in physiology and medicine. |
| L.O. Α.2.2.02 | apply appropriate computational techniques and models to estimate the relevant parameters. | |
Α.2.3. Image Processing | L.O. Α.2.3.01 | describe and explain the procedures for detecting signals/images and digitizing them during medical imaging. |
| L.O. Α.2.3.02 | discern and explain the sources of information alteration of the signals/images during medical imaging (including noise, resolution, etc.). | |
| L.O. Α.2.3.03 | describe the parameters on which image quality depends and suggest techniques and algorithms for improvement during medical imaging. | |
| L.O. Α.2.3.04 | describe the clinical applications of medical image processing to both specialized and non – specialized audiences. | |
| L.O. Α.2.3.05 | Evaluate and explain all modern methods used in clinical practice to align and fuse medical images obtained by either identical or different imaging systems. | |
PART Α.3: INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY, ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY & PHYSICS OF THE human BODY
Α.3.1: COURSE CONTENT
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Α.3.1. Anatomy | General for the tissues, organs – systems, skeleton, musculature, skin - breasts, circulatory system (heart - vessels), respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, reproductive system, peripheral nervous system, central nervous system, sensory organs. | L.O. Α.3.1.01 |
| Α.3.2. Physiology | Introduction – Nervous system, Endocrine system, Blood, Respiratory system, Circulatory system, Digestive system, Urinary system. | L.O. Α.3.2.01 |
| Α.3.3. Biology | Structure of biomolecules (nucleic acids and proteins). General description of animal cell (organelles, membrane structure). The nucleus and its functions (structure of chromatin and chromosomes, karyotype). Replication and transcription of DNA. DNA’s lesions and repair mechanisms. Cell cycle (phases of the cell cycle and setting points of cell proliferation). Apoptosis Cell division (mitosis, decrease). Carcinogenesis, oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Telomeres and telomerase. | L.O. Α.3.3.01 L.O. Α.3.3.02 L.O. Α.3.3.03 L.O. Α.3.3.04 |
| Α.3.4. Physics of human body | Optics Lenses, human’s eye, mechanism of vision, refractive abnormalities, microscopy and electron microscopy, clinical applications. | L.O. Α.3.4.01 L.O. Α.3.4.02 L.O. Α.3.4.03 |
Α.3.1: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Α.3.1. Anatomy | L.O. Α.3.1.01 | possess knowledge and describe the various organs and systems of the anatomy of the human body. |
| Α.3.2. Physiology | L.O. Α.3.2.01 | understand and describe the physiology of the various systems of the human body and assess their respective contributions to the functions of the human body. |
| Α.3.3. Biology | L.O. Α.3.3.01 | describe the structure of cells and biomolecules. |
| L.O. Α.3.3.02 | provide knowledge of potential DNA damage occurrences, analyze the corresponding repair mechanisms, and assess the cellular viability pertaining to the impact of various types of lesions. | |
| L.O. Α.3.3.03 | possess the capability to explain the process of cell division, along with the diverse phases associated with it. | |
| L.O. Α.3.3.04 | explain the causes and mechanisms of carcinogenesis and acquired a comprehensive understanding of the pivotal roles played by oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. | |
| Α.3.4. Physics of human body | L.O. Α.3.4.01 | describe the anatomy of the human eye and the mechanism of vision. |
| L.O. Α.3.4.02 | possess knowledge of the categories of refractive errors, their etiology and the corresponding clinical approaches used for treatment. | |
| L.O. Α.3.4.03 | understand the principle of operation of the microscope and electron microscope and possess knowledge for typical uses in clinical practice. | |
PART Α.4: Radiation dosimetry
α.4.1: COURSE CONTENT
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Α.4.1. Radiation Dosimetry | Radiation fields – Dosimetric quantities Stochastic and deterministic quantities (physical meaning, definition, units). Relations between basic dosimetric quantities. Dose calculations Doses at interfaces - Particle equilibrium – Region build-up - Fano theorem - Cavity theory. Calculations of doses in a material from measurements of exposure or dose in another material. Transport of ionizing radiation. Analytical calculations of diffusion in patients (diffusion equations, method of spherical harmonics). Microdosimetry - Quantities Dosimetric measurements Electronic conductivity detectors: Integration type dosimeters. Choice of detector and phantom. Special cases. | L.O. Α.4.1.01 L.O. Α.4.1.02 L.O. Α.4.1.03 L.O. Α.4.1.04 L.O. Α.4.1.05 |
Α.4.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Α.4.1. Radiation Dosimetry | L.O. Α.4.1.01 | understand the physical parameters employed in the dosimetry of ionizing radiation and acquired comprehensive knowledge regarding the units of measurement associated with each quantity, along with the ability to describe the differences between stochastic and deterministic quantities. |
| L.O. Α.4.1.02 | explain the relationships between the basic dosimetric quantities and understand the various cavity theories employed for the dose calculation in a material. | |
| L.O. Α.4.1.03 | perform dose calculations on a homogeneous material. | |
| L.O. Α.4.1.04 | describe with clarity the concept of microdosimetry and quantities involved. | |
| L.O. Α.4.1.05 | implement appropriate dosimetry equipment and apply corresponding protocols for dose measurements. | |
PART Α.5: biological effects of ionizing radiation
Α.5.1: course content
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Α.5.1. Biological effects of ionizing radiation | Cell-cycle phases and radioensitivity. Organizing of normal tissues and their classification by radiobiological terms. Early and late tissue reactions. Cell kinetics of malignant neoplasms and parameters. Cell survival curves after irradiation. Repair nonfatal actinic damage. Fragmentation of the dose – reoxygenation – redistribution of the cell cycle, endogenous radiosensitivity. | L.O. Α.5.1.01 L.O. Α.5.1.02 L.O. Α.5.1.03 L.O. Α.5.1.04 L.O. Α.5.1.05 |
Α.5.2: learning objectiveS
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Α.5.1. Biological effects of ionizing radiation | L.O. Α.5.1.01 | describe the cell cycle and its phases, and estimate the endogenous radiosensitivity in each cell cycle phase. |
| L.O. Α.5.1.02 | explain the radiosensitivity of the various tissues of the human body and classify them from a radiobiological point of view. | |
| L.O. Α.5.1.03 | describe the cellular kinetics of malignant neoplasms, understand the parameters related to it, and explain them to a specialized or non – specialized audience. | |
| L.O. Α.5.1.04 | evaluate the repair mechanisms involved in non-lethal cellular damage and elucidate the key parameters upon which they depend. | |
| L.O. Α.5.1.05 | explain cell survival curves after irradiation and describe the influence exerted by oxygen, dose fractionation, and cell cycle redistribution on cell survival. | |
laboratory exercises of 1st semester
Α Ι. Detection and measurement of ionizing radiation
Usage of Ge detectors - Receive data. Analysis of spectra of Ge.
Α. IΙ. Biology
Usage of microscope and electrophoresis of nucleic acids.
Α. ΙII. Dosimetry
Films and radiocromic films
TLD dosimeters
Whole body counter
Calibration of dosimeters applied in diagnostic applications
Α. IV. Biological effects of ionizing radiation
Irradiation of peripheral blood samples at a source of 60Co from 0 up to 4Gy. Incubation of samples for 48h. Creation of cytogenetic preparations. Analysis under an optical microscope. Evaluation-assessment of absorbed radiation dose (biodosimetry).
2nd SEMESTER
part Β.1: DIAGNOSTIC AND INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
Β.1.1: COURSE CONTENT
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Β.1.1. Classical Radiodiagnostics | High Voltage Generators – Fluctuation. Description ray machine Bucky Reinforcing plates, image intensifiers Radiographic film Developer X-ray - Geometrical characteristics of radiographic image Mobile - Portable X-ray machines Classical fluoroscopy Dentists – Orthopantomograph Mammography CBCT systems | L.O. Β.1.1.01 L.O. Β.1.1.02 L.O. Β.1.1.03 |
| Β.1.2. X-ray image and modern radiodiagnostic techniques | Quality characteristics of radiographic image Angiographic systems – DSA Process of digital radiological image Image digitization Computational tomography Digital detectors in radiology (panels) | L.O. Β.1.2.01 L.O. Β.1.2.02 L.O. Β.1.2.03 |
| Β.1.3. Computed Tomography (CT) | Principles of CT Multislice CT Advanced CT techniques CT radiation dose CT dose effects Radiation protection in CT Quality Assurance in CT | L.O. Β.1.3.01 L.O. Β.1.3.02 L.O. Β.1.3.03 |
| Β.1.4. Composition of the human body | Photo densitometry Whole body counter gamma radiation Neutron activation Analysis Other techniques | L.O. Β.1.4.01 |
| Β.1.5. Computed Tomography – Medical Section | The Central Nervous System, the Thorax, the Upper-lower Abdomen. | L.O. Β.1.5.01 |
Β.1.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Β.1.1. Classical Radiodiagnostics | L.O. Β.1.1.01 | describe the principle of operation of high-voltage generators and comprehend the parameters upon which the spectrum of emitted radiation relies. |
| L.O. Β.1.1.02 | describe the different parts of a radiological system and understand the operation principles of a radiological system. | |
| L.O. Β.1.1.03 | describe the operation and the use of different types of radiological systems employed in clinical practice and discern the distinctions and similarities among these various types. | |
| Β.1.2. X-ray Image and modern radiodiagnostic techniques | L.O. Β.1.2.01 | possess knowledge of the qualitative characteristics of a radiological image, assess radiological images and provide effective options for improvement. |
| L.O. Β.1.2.02 | describe with clarity the digital radiological processing. | |
| L.O. Β.1.2.03 | understand the operation principle of digital detectors and be able to explain the benefits of utilizing them in radiology. | |
| Β.1.3. Computed tomography (CT) | L.O. Β.1.3.01 | possess knowledge, and ability to describe the operation principle and types of CT, be able to distinguish and evaluate the differences between various kinds of CT. |
| L.O. Β.1.3.02 | understand the physical quantities used for dose estimation in CT systems and evaluate the parameters that affect the absorbed dose in a CT system. | |
| L.O. Β.1.3.03 | acquire comprehension and the ability to evaluate the radiation exposure related to diverse CT examinations, appraise the radiation exposure associated with a CT scan, and provide recommendations concerning the necessary measures for radiation protection to a patient. | |
| Β.1.4. Composition of human body | L.O. Β.1.4.01 | describe the methods used to determine the composition of the human body. |
| Β.1.5. Computed Tomography – Medical Section | L.O. Β.1.5.01 | understand and describe in detail the clinical use of CT systems, and recognize the parameters of each imaging protocol of a CT system. |
part Β.2: diagnostic and therapeutic applications of nuclear medicine
Β.2.1: course content
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Β.2.1. Physics of Nuclear Medicine | Introduction in Nuclear Medicine Principles, parameters and operation of: γ-camera, Tomographic γ-camera (SPECT), positron emission tomography (PET), dose calibrator, hybrid systems, probes. Departmental analysis – Kinetic tracer Dilution principle, identify tumor sites, composition of human body, measurements of blood flow, laboratory applications (uptake thyroid, blood volume, red cell survival, kinetics of colloids, glomerular filtration rate. Internal Dosimetry MIRD Methodology, absorbed dose calculation, absorbed fraction dose, reciprocity dose theorem, reversible absorbed dose. | L.O. Β.2.1.01 L.O. Β.2.1.02 L.O. Β.2.1.03 |
| Β.2.2. Physics of in-vitro Nuclear Medicine | Radio-immunoassay. Quality control of radio-immunoassay. | L.O. Β.2.2.01 |
| Β.2.3. In-vivo radiopharmaceutical preparations | Radiochemistry in Nuclear Medicine Radioisotopes production. Quality control of radiopharmaceutical – preparations Hospital preparation of radiopharmaceuticals. Labeled biomolecules. Technetium radiopharmaceuticals. Quality assurance programs Manufacture of PET radiopharmaceuticals. Manufacture FDG. Radiopharmaceuticals generators (Tc, Rb, etc.). Iodine production (I-131, I-124). Radiopharmaceuticals production – Calculation and dose fragmentation Scintigraphic techniques (protocols) Acquisition modes of scintigraphic image in different organs. Techniques of implementing the various dynamic studies. Techniques of implementing the external measurements (probes, sentinel). | L.O. Β.2.3.01 L.O. Β.2.3.02 L.O. Β.2.3.03 L.O. Β.2.3.04 |
| Β.2.4. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of Nuclear Medicine – Medical Section | Central Nervous System. Respiratory system. Kidneys - Urinary system. Digestive system. Circulatory system (heart - pottery). Pediatrics. PET in brain. Endocrine system. Skeletal system. Hematopoietic system. Obstetrics-Gynecology (sentinel node). PET in Oncology. Therapy, applications. | L.O. Β.2.4.01 |
Β.2.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | |
|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |
| Β.2.1. Physics of Nuclear Medicine | L.O. Β.2.1.01 | understand, describe the principle of operation of imaging systems used in Nuclear Medicine, and possess the knowledge to comprehend and elucidate the techniques of diverse types of Nuclear Medicine imaging systems. |
| L.O. Β.2.1.02 | describe the basic principle and applications of partitional analysis. | |
| L.O. Β.2.1.03 | apply the internal dosimetry methodology for the calculation of absorbed dose from medical exposures in Nuclear Medicine. | |
| Β.2.2. Physics of in-vitro Nuclear Medicine | L.O. Β.2.2.01 | describe the radioanalysis techniques and relevant quality control procedures. |
| Β.2.3. In vivo radiopharmaceutical preparations | L.O. Β.2.3.01 | describe and explain the production techniques of radioisotopes used in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and the relevant quality assurance programs. |
| L.O. Β.2.3.02 | describe the procedures for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes and the calculation and fractionation of doses. | |
| L.O. Β.2.3.03 | apply methods for the calculation and segmentation of doses in Nuclear Medicine. | |
| L.O. Β.2.3.04 | describe the scintigraphic techniques applied in Nuclear Medicine, possess the ability to discern the characteristics of a scintigraphic image, assess its quality, and propose recommendations for its enhancement. | |
| Β.2.4. Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of Nuclear Medicine – Medical Section | L.O. Β.2.4.01 | describe the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of Nuclear Medicine. |
part Β.3: Therapeutic applications of ionizing radiation
Β.3.1: course content
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Β.3.1. Radiobiological base of radiotherapy | Introduction to Radiotherapy (RT) of malignant neoplasms. The aim of RT, therapeutic index, neoplasms and normal tissues. Effects of ionizing radiation on biological materials (cells, damage DNA). Isoeffects standards NSD, TDF, CRE-historical background and their establishment. Linear-square model, establishment, equations. The ratio α / β. Tissues’ sensitivity on dose’s fragmentation. Total time RT. Calculations isoeffect doses for late effects and local tumor control, clinical applications. Schemes of modified dose fragmentation. Clinical studies and applications. Causes of RT failure. Efforts to improve the therapeutic index. Hyperthermia. 3-dimensional RT, dose-volume histograms. Analysis of clinical trials- clinical radiobiology- statistical methods and applications. | L.O. Β.3.1.01 L.O. Β.3.1.02 L.O. Β.3.1.03 L.O. Β.3.1.04 L.O. Β.3.1.05 |
| Β.3.2. Basic principles of external photon radiotherapy | Units and quantities for photon field description. Inverse square law. Diffusion of photon field to phantom or/and patient. Parameters of radiation field. Depth dose distribution in water with fixed source surface distance (SSD) technique. Depth dose distribution in water with fixed isocenter source distance (SAD) technique. Off-axis ratios and beam profiles. Dose distributions in water phantoms. Doses distributions in patients using a single field irradiation. | L.O. Β.3.2.01 L.O. Β.3.2.02 |
| Β.3.3. Dosimetry protocols in radiotherapy | Ionization chamber measurements in external photon beam radiotherapy. Protocols for measurements in external photon beam radiotherapy. Depth dose measurements in water using an ionization chamber in electrons field. Corrections at measuring point. Efficiency in depth and parameters affecting it. Protocol dosimetry in brachytherapy applications (AAPM TG-43). | L.O. Β.3.3.01 |
| Β.3.4. Treatment planning | Designation and definitions of tumor-target and critical organs. Dose determination. Patient’s (anatomic) data. Simulator - CT - MRI. Production of isodose curves. Wedge filters. Combining fields. Isocenter technique. Determination of tumor-target’s dose. Block beam’s formation. Skin dose. Separation of neighboring fields. Treatment verification. Correction of contour’s inhomogeneity. Correction of tissue inhomogeneity. Tissue compensators. Patient’s set up. Parameters of dose calculation and practical applications. | L.O. Β.3.4.01 L.O. Β.3.4.02 L.O. Β.3.4.03 |
| Β.3.5. Radiotherapy with electrons- Clinical and practical dosimetry | Electron interactions with matter. Loss of energy, stopping power, scattering, range. Depth dose distributions in water Isodose curves. Dose distributions in homogeneous and heterogeneous materials. Feasibility of combining fields. Corrections. | L.O. Β.3.5.01 L.O. Β.3.5.02 |
| Β.3.6. Brachytherapy | Radioactive sources. Callibration of radioactive sources. Dosimetric characterization of radioactive sources. The technological basis of brachytherapy and selected applications (low dose rate, permanent implant, high dose rate automatic afterloading sources, Interstitial, intracavity). Brachytherapy planning. | L.O. Β.3.6.01 L.O. Β.3.6.02 L.O. Β.3.6.03 |
| Β.3.7. Modern Techniques | IMRT, VMAT. IGRT. Proton beams. Stereotactic radiosurgery – radiotherapy. | L.O. Β.3.7.01 |
| Β.3.8. Medical Section | Cancer in Greece and in general (epidemiology). General principles of cancer pathology. Cancer metastases (lymph node and vascular). Staging (TNM). Principles of radiotherapy Hyperthermia (combined with radiotherapy). Whole body and half body radiotherapy. Brain radiosurgery (stereotactic) . Stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (whole body). Intrasurgery radiotherapy. Electrons (indications, techniques). Brachytherapy (intracavity, Interstitial). Techniques Lymphoma (techniques). Head and Neck Cancer (techniques). Skin cancer (technical). Prostate and bladder cancer (techniques). Lung Cancer (techniques). Radiotherapy using radionuclides | L.O. Β.3.8.01 L.O. Β.3.8.02 |
Β.3.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives(LO) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | |||
| Β.3.1. Radiobiological base of radiotherapy | L.O. Β.3.1.01 | Possess the knowledge and describe the goal of radiotherapy to both specialized and non-specialized audiences, the concept of therapeutic index, and the actions of ionizing radiation on biological materials. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.1.02 | acquire understanding and the ability to apply the isoactive standards NSD, TDF, CRE. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.03 | possess the knowledge and the ability to apply the linear-square model for the assessment of radiobiological effective dose. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.04 | apply the knowledge to solve problems related to modified dose fragmentation schemes. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.05 | compare and combine different dose fractionation schemes in clinical radiotherapy practice. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.06 | possess the ability to evaluate, estimate and sum the radiobiological impact of varying radiotherapy dose fractionation regimens. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.07 | evaluate, compare, combine and propose methods to improve the therapeutic index. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.1.08 | demonstrate with clarity conclusions, the knowledge, reasoning and logical assumptions supporting them, to audiences comprising both specialists and non – specialists. | |||
| Β.3.2. Basic principles of external photon radiotherapy | L.O. Β.3.2.01 | describe and explain the units, sizes and parameters used to describe photon fields. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.2.02 | acquire the understanding of the functioning of radiotherapy systems utilized in external radiotherapy, and possess the ability to describe their mechanisms to both specialist and non – specialist audience. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.2.03 | understand and describe depth dose distributions for the various techniques applied in radiotherapy. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.2.04 | suggest the most suitable radiation beam quality in relation to the location of the target volume, explain depth dose distributions form different techniques used in radiotherapy. | |||
| Β.3.3. Dosimetry protocols in radiotherapy | L.O. Β.3.3.01 | possess knowledge and describe current dosimetry protocols in radiotherapy. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.3.02 | apply and evaluate/assess the dose using special phantoms and suitable detector. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.3.03 | apply protocols for dosimeter calibration to measure dose in radiotherapy applications. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.3.04 | apply the most suitable radiotherapy protocol related to the size of the target and radiation beam quality. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.3.05 | recommend suitable dosimeters for comprehensive dosimetric control of a contemporary radiotherapy system. | |||
| Β.3.4. Treatment planning | L.O. Β.3.4.01 | Possess knowledge and describe the process of planning a treatment and the parameters to be considered. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.4.02 | compare and analyze radiotherapy plans. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.4.03 | describe the process of determining the dose at the target volume. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.4.04 | describe the concept of dose volume histograms used to estimate radiotherapy plans. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.4.05 | compare different radiotherapy plans, and describe the procedure for determining the dose to the target volume. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.4.06 | possess knowledge and explain the CT and MRI simulations utilized in radiotherapy. | |||
| Β.3.5. Radiotherapy with electron beams- Clinical and practical dosimetry | L.O. Β.3.5.01 | possess knowledge, describe and explain the basic principles behind the use of electrons in radiation therapy. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.5.02 | understand, distinguish and describe the depth dose distribution of electrons in water. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.5.03 | determine the optimal energy of the electron beam based on the depth of the tumor undergoing radiotherapy. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.5.04 | distinguish the benefit of using electrons to deliver the therapeutic radiation dose and suggest in which clinical cases electrons should be used over photons. | |||
| Β.3.6. Brachytherapy | L.O. Β.3.6.01 | Describe and explain to both specialist and non – specialist audiences, the technological basis of brachytherapy and its applications. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.6.02 | describe the procedure for calibration and dosimetric characterization of radioactive sources used in brachytherapy. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.6.03 | describe and explain the process of planning a brachytherapy. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.6.04 | evaluate and explain the differences between external radiotherapy and brachytherapy. | |||
| Β.3.7. Modern techniques | L.O. Β.3.7.01 | possess knowledge about modern radiotherapy techniques IMRT, VMAT, IGRT, describe and explain them to both specialist and non – specialist audiences. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.7.02 | describe and explain to both specialist and non – specialist audiences the radiotherapeutic technique of Stereotactic Radiosurgery – Radiotherapy. | |||
| L.O. Β.3.7.03 | propose and support to both specialist and non – specialist audiences the benefits of each radiotherapy technique. | |||
| Β.3.8. Medical section | L.O. Β.3.8.01 | understand and describe the general principles of cancer pathology. | ||
| L.O. Β.3.8.02 | describe, compare and apply the clinical radiotherapy techniques in respect to the pathology of the cancer. | |||
part Β.4: Physical principles and medical applications of non-ionizing Radiation
Β.4.1: course content
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| B.4.1. Ultrasounds | Basic Principles. Interaction with tissues. Production and detection. Imaging methods. Ultrasound Doppler. Image quality and artifacts. Biological Effects. Quality control. Clinical applications | L.O. Β.4.1.01 L.O. Β.4.1.02 L.O. Β.4.1.03 |
| B.4.2. Magnetic Resonance | Basic principles of magnetic resonance. Effect of magnetic fields in nuclei, hydrogen nuclei density imaging, spectroscopy NMR. Basic principles of imaging (oblique fields, spin-echo, gradient echo, 2D and 3D techniques). Display and parameters which determine the signal-to-noise ratio, and image quality analysis. Technical errors (artifacts). Magnetic resonance angiography (basic principles, techniques 2D vs 3D, TONE, magnetization transfer, phase contrast, MIP, and black blood angiography). In vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (protons, phosphorus-31, etc.). Spectroscopic imaging (spectroscopic imaging), fast spin and gradient echo, and functional MRI (functional MRI). Imaging techniques (real-time MRI)-echo planar imaging and MRI angiography. Security, protection from MRI | L.O. Β.4.2.01 L.O. Β.4.2.02 L.O. Β.4.2.03 L.O. Β.4.2.04 L.O. Β.4.2.05 |
| B.4.3. Lasers | Physical principles of laser production, laser technology, biomedical applications, specific medical laser installations, laser interaction mechanisms with tissue, medical applications, dosimetry and safety. Principles of photodynamic. | L.O. Β.4.3.01 L.O. Β.4.3.02 L.O. Β.4.3.03 L.O. Β.4.3.04 |
Β.4.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVEs
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | ||
| Β.4.1. Ultrasounds | L.O. Β.4.1.01 | describe and explain the basic principles governing the production and detection of ultrasound. | |
| L.O. Β.4.1.02 | possess knowledge and explain to both specialist and non – specialist audiences the biological effects of ultrasounds. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.1.03 | describe and apply the basic methods of medical imaging using ultrasound. | ||
| Β.4.2. Magnetic Resonance | L.O. Β.4.2.01 | understand and describe the basic principle at the phenomenon of magnetic resonance. | |
| L.O. Β.4.2.02 | possess knowledge and explain the basic principles of magnetic resonance imaging. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.2.03 | possess knowledge and describe the current imaging techniques using magnetic resonance. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.2.04 | possess knowledge, describe and implement appropriate radiation protection measures when using MRI systems. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.2.05 | evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of radiation protection measures and propose procedures for their improvement. | ||
| Β.5.3. Lasers | L.O. Β.4.3.01 | understand and explain the physical principles of laser radiation production. | |
| L.O. Β.4.3.02 | possess knowledge and apply all current applications of laser systems in medicine. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.3.03 | Understand and apply appropriate radiation protection measures during the use of laser systems in medicine. | ||
| L.O. Β.4.3.04 | evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of radiation protection measures and propose procedures for their improvement. | ||
part Β.5: Radiation protection
Β.5.1: course content
| Subsection | Content | Learning Objective (Νο) |
|---|---|---|
| Β.5.1. Guidelines for radiation protection | Principles, Legislative framework (IAEA, EC, National). | L.O. Β.5.1.01 L.O. Β.5.1.02 |
| Β.5.2. Overview | Shielding, exposure and dose calculations of photon beams, neutrons and charged particles. | L.O. Β.5.2.01 |
| Β.5.3. Radiation protection in medical applications | Diagnostic and interventional radiology Design Laboratory (requirements and an example calculating the shielding and the sources). Radiation protection of workers and population. Optimization of patient’s radiation protection. Quality assurance. Nuclear Medicine (diagnostic and therapeutic) Design Laboratory (requirements and an example calculating the shielding and the sources). Radiation protection of workers and population. Optimization of patient’s radiation protection. Quality assurance. Radiotherapy (teletherapy, brachytherapy) Design Laboratory (requirements and an example calculating the shielding and the sources). Radiation protection of workers and population. Optimization of patient’s radiation protection. Quality assurance. Safety and management of radioactive sealed sources. | L.O. Β.5.3.01 L.O. Β.5.3.02 L.O. Β.5.3.03 L.O. Β.5.3.04 L.O. Β.5.3.05 |
| Β.5.4. Radiation protection in industrial and research applications | Design Laboratory (requirements and an example calculating the shielding and the sources). Radiation protection of workers and population. Optimization of patient’s radiation protection. Quality assurance. Safety and management of radioactive sources. | L.O. Β.5.4.01 L.O. Β.5.4.02 L.O. Β.5.4.03 |
| Β.5.5. Radiation workers monitoring | Quantities / definitions. External monitoring. Internal monitoring. Special workers categories. Protocols (EC, ANSI, ISO). | L.O. Β.5.5.01 L.O. Β.5.5.02 |
| Β.5.6. Nuclear Reactors | Overview Operating principle – Introduction to reactors theory and control reactors. Fission, releasing energy, chain reaction - Parts of the reactor and their role - Cycle neutron, critical mass - and control activity is the reactor - Reactor Types - The cycle of nuclear fuel. The reactor as radiation source Direct and secondary radiation - Fission and activation products, Radioactive waste-Radiological effects during normal operation and accidents. Reactor safety Study of accidents, risk analysis, safety in design. Site selection. Multiple barriers, defense in depth. Technological protection measures, control-Radiological Safety organization for accidents. Emergency plans. Equipment – Authorities role. Licenses. Controls. Impact on environment and population Reactor’ normal function. Releases to the environment. Workers and population monitoring in an accident case. Impacts. Dispersion in the atmosphere and doses to the population). | L.O. Β.5.6.01 L.O. Β.5.6.02 L.O. Β.5.6.03 L.O. Β.5.6.04 |
| Β.5.7. Environmental radioactivity | Natural environmental radioactivity: sources, exposure pathways, doses. Artificial environmental radioactivity: sources, exposure pathways, doses. National environmental radioactivity monitoring system. | L.O. Β.5.7.01 |
| Β.5.8. Emergency exposures | Emergency plan to radiological hazards. Radiological / nuclear accidents. Instant warning systems. | L.O. Β.5.8.01 |
Β.5.2: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
| Subsection | Learning Objectives (LO) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Νο. | Description After completing the subsection, the student will be able to: | ||
| Β.5.1. Guidelines for radiation protection | L.O. Β.5.1.01 | possess knowledge, describe the basic principles of radiation protection and apply them in everyday practice. | |
| L.O. Β.5.1.02 | understand and apply the basic requirements of the legislation for the proper operation of laboratories where ionizing radiation is used. | ||
| Β.5.2.Overview | L.O. Β.5.2.01 | understand and apply the required formalisms to calculate exposures, doses and required shielding. | |
| Β.5.3. Radiation protection in medical applications | L.O. Β.5.3.01 | understand and apply the requirements regarding the design of laboratories for medical applications of radiation sources and the appropriate shielding of their spaces. | |
| L.O. Β.5.3.02 | implement appropriate measures for the radiation protection of worker, the general public and the patients, evaluate and propose strategies for the optimization of radiation protection. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.3.03 | possess knowledge and implement appropriate quality assurance systems in organizations where medical exposures take place, evaluate existing quality assurance programs and propose methods for the enhancement. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.3.04 | manage radioactive waste arising from Nuclear Medicine practices, conduct measurements and calculations of radioactive residue activity, assessing radiation impact on exposed individuals and the general population upon release. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.3.05 | possess knowledge and manage safely the radioactive sources used in medical exposures. | ||
| Β.5.4. Radiation protection in industrial and research applications | L.O. Β.5.4.01 | understand and apply the requirements concerning the design of labs of industrial and research applications of radiation sources and the appropriate shielding of their spaces. | |
| L.O. Β.5.4.02 | evaluate and implement appropriate measures for the radiation protection of workers and the general public, conduct measurements and calculations of radiation exposure of workers and the general population from industrial and research applications using ionizing radiation. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.4.03 | implement and assess appropriate quality assurance systems in organizations where exhibitions are held for industrial or research purposes. | ||
| Β.5.5. Radiation workers monitoring | L.O. Β.5.5.01 | understand and explain the quantities used in personnel dosimetry. | |
| L.O. Β.5.5.02 | possess knowledge and describe external and internal dosimetry procedures. | ||
| Β.5.6. Nuclear reactors | L.O. Β.5.6.01 | describe with clarity, the principle of operation of nuclear reactors. | |
| L.O. Β.5.6.02 | understand and explain concepts related to the operation and use of nuclear reactors as radiation sources. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.6.03 | possess knowledge and explain issues related to the impact of the operation of nuclear reactors on the environment and population. | ||
| L.O. Β.5.6.04 | explain and analyze issues related to the safe operation of nuclear reactors, and be able to describe the general population the measures to be taken in case of emergency. | ||
| Β.5.7. Environmental radioactivity | L.O. Β.5.7.01 | recognize and describe sources, routes of exposure and doses related to the natural and artificial radioactivity of the environment. | |
| Β.5.8. Emergency exposures | L.O. Β.5.8.01 | describe and explain to both specialist and non – specialist audiences, the main parts and actions included in the radiological agent emergency response plan, possess knowledge of historical nuclear accidents worldwide and be able to elucidate the underlying causes that led to each incident. | |
Laboratory exercises of 2nd semester
Β. Ι. Radiation Protection
Detectors/counters calibration for medical applications.
Calculation of doses and effective doses in radiology.
Practical radiation protection studies (diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine, radiotherapy) – Exercises.
Β. ΙI. Radiotherapy
Linear accelerator.
Treatment planning.
Β. IΙΙ. Nuclear Medicine
γ-camera quality control.
Hot-cells.
RIA.
Β. ΙV. Diagnostic radiology
X-ray tube and developer quality control.
Digital detectors.
Β. V. Physics of Non-Ionizing radiation
Laboratory exercise with pulsed ultraviolet and infrared lasers and their biomedical application.
Β. VI. Environmental Radioactivity
Radon.
α- spectroscopy.
Emergency.
Β. VII. Radiation Protection of Non-Ionizing radiation
Measurements of non-ionizing radiation.
Measurements of cell phones radiation.
Measurements of base radiation.
special lectures
Nuclear Energy: Modern applications
Radiation and pregnancy
Metrology of ionizing radiation
Installations for management and storage of radioactive waste
Transportation of radioactive material
Chernobyl accident and its consequences
Organization and methodology of research
